Spatial Distribution of Greenland Shark <scp> <i>Somniosus microcephalus</i> </scp> (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Life Stages Across the Northern North Atlantic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801) are long-lived and highly migratory animals distributed throughout deep and/or cold waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Extensive bycatch in several demersal fisheries in the Arctic has raised conservation concerns for the species, of which surprisingly little is known about the spatial distribution in relation to their life history. In the current study, size, sex, and life stage composition of 1610 Greenland sharks were examined from 11 geographic regions across the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Subadult females dominated in most regions, and while adult females were scarce or absent in, for example, northern Arctic Canada and Svalbard, they dominated in southwest Greenland and Iceland. Furthermore, in southern Arctic Canada, northwestern Greenland, and southeastern Greenland, adult females were more commonly encountered in offshore waters than inshore. Depth (25 m to 1375 m) had little effect on the spatial distribution irrespective of length and life stage, whereas water temperatures (-1.54°C to 10.9°C) conclusively showed that adult females preferred warm water (> 4°C). Large juveniles were encountered in most regions but dominated in Skagerrak and in offshore southern Arctic Canada. Small juveniles and neonates were encountered with only five and zero records, respectively, combined for all analyzed regions. In an additional effort to identify these rare, small-sized specimens, scrutinization of museum collections and databases of scientific institutions disclosed a cluster of ten neonates (total length < 60 cm) and two small juveniles (total length 60-89 cm) along the mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Irminger Sea. This finding is unique and suggests the location of a potential Greenland shark pupping ground on or in the vicinity of the mid-Atlantic Ridge and Irminger Sea. All combined, this study provides new insights into the life history of the Greenland shark, which will aid the development of targeted conservation measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".