Impact of Cations on the Hydration Properties of Carboxymethyl-Phytoglycogen Nanoparticles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a study of the hydration properties of a carboxymethylated (CM) version of phytoglycogen (PG), a glucose-based nanoparticle with an underlying dendritic architecture. We measure the water uptake and water ordering in the presence of different cations (Na +, Mg 2+, and Ca 2+ ). We find that introducing Ca 2+ results in a large reduction in water uptake relative to that of CM-PG in the presence of Na + . The presence of Ca 2+ also decreases the frequency of the carboxylate asymmetric stretch peak in infrared spectroscopy experiments, which is consistent with bidentate or bidentate bridging between the carboxylate groups facilitated by Ca 2+ . This form of bridging, which has been shown to collapse polyelectrolyte brushes, could explain the large reduction in the level of water uptake for the CM-PG-Ca 2+ particles. We also find that the degree of water ordering in the CM-PG particles increases in the sequence Na + → Ca 2+ → Mg 2+, consistent with increasing charge density on the cations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".