Individuals with persisting post‐concussion symptoms with physiological subtype demonstrate altered cardiovascular and autonomic responses to face cooling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Individuals with persisting post‐concussion symptoms with physiological subtype (PPCS‐P) demonstrate exercise intolerance due to exacerbation of concussion‐like symptoms during incremental exercise. We tested the hypothesis that individuals with PPCS‐P ( n = 12) would have a blunted cardiac autonomic response to face cooling compared to healthy controls (CTRL, n = 12). Participants were supine and performed a 5 min baseline, then experienced a 3 min face cold pressor test followed by 5 min of recovery. A three‐lead electrocardiogram was used to measure heart rate and root mean square of successive differences in R‐R intervals (RMSSD), finger photoplethysmography was used to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP), and laser‐Doppler flowmetry was used to measure finger skin blood flux. The PPCS‐P group had a lower exercise tolerance (9.9 ± 3.2 min, P < 0.001) and lower peak heart rate (170.0 ± 14.0 beats·min −1 , P < 0.001) compared to CTRL (19.6 ± 2.5 min; 193.0 ± 5.0 beats·min −1 ). PPCS‐P demonstrated a blunted mean heart rate (CTRL: ∆−4.0 ± 5.0 beats·min −1 , PPCS‐P: ∆2.0 ± 4.0 beats·min −1 ; group effect: P < 0.001) and mean RMSSD (CTRL: ∆26.6 ± 34.7 ms, PPCS‐P: ∆−1.8 ± 33.9 ms; group effect: P = 0.026) responses at 2 min of face cooling compared to CTRL. Both groups had a significant increase in MAP during face cooling, where at 2 min, MAP was higher in PPCS‐P (∆+13.2 ± 5.5 mmHg) compared to CTRL (∆+8.7 ± 6.9 mmHg, group effect: P < 0.001). Furthermore, PPCS‐P had a sustained lower finger skin blood flux (group effect: P < 0.001) during face cooling (PPCS‐P: ∆−48.2 ± 27.1%, CTRL: ∆−12.8 ± 24.7% at 2 min). These data suggest that individuals with PPCS‐P demonstrate altered cardiac and peripheral autonomic function during face cooling compared to healthy controls.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".