Association of magnetic resonance imaging glymphatic function with gray matter volume loss and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease: a diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) has been used for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, few studies have examined the relationship between the DTI-ALPS index and cortical metrics, and the differentiation between AD severity levels remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the differences in DTI-ALPS index and cortex among AD patients with varying severities and to analyze the interactions between DTI-ALPS index, cortical metrics, and cognitive function. Methods: A total of 19 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 17 individuals exhibiting mild AD, 25 individuals with moderate AD, and 28 healthy controls (HC) who were matched for age, sex, and education level were recruited. All the participants underwent diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by the calculation of the DTI-ALPS index to assess lymphatic system function. FreeSurfer (v7.4.1) was used to calculate thickness, volume, local gyre index, and area. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare the differences among HC, MCI, mild AD, and moderate AD groups. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to investigate the connection between the DTI-ALPS index and cognitive function, along with cortical metrics. Results: The HC, MCI, mild AD, and moderate AD groups exhibited significant differences in the DTI-ALPS index of the left hemisphere (P=0.008), whereas 13 cortical metrics revealed a statistical significance between groups (P<0.05). In the left hemisphere, the DTI-ALPS index showed a positive trend with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score (r=0.397, P<0.001). Higher DTI-ALPS was also associated with an increase in 10 cortical metrics after controlling for age, sex, and education. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between the DTI-ALPS index, cortical metrics, and cognitive function. This result may suggest that lymphatic dysfunction indicated by the DTI-ALPS index could mirror cortical structural degeneration and cognitive decline within the pathological process of AD. DTI-ALPS can be used as an indicator of structural degeneration and decline in cognitive function in AD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".