Three-dimensional range of motion of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus during functional reach in adults aged 45–75
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Given the limited data regarding three-dimensional clavicular/scapular/humeral rotations of pain-free shoulders in older adults, additional data is required for surgical planning and rehabilitation goal-setting in this population. This observational study aims to provide normative data regarding three-dimensional clavicular/scapular/humeral range required for daily activities in 45-75 year-old individuals. Methods: = 40 shoulders) for 45-75 year-old participants. Clavicular/scapular/humeral rotations that contributed to the total angle of humeral elevation in flexion, abduction, and during hand-to-head reaching were calculated. Results: Specific movement patterns were identified in each of the six reaching positions. Normative data for "clavicular elevation:scapular lateral rotation:humeral elevation" ratios were 1°:2°:9° (flexion), 1°:3°:10° (hand-to-head; scapular-plane humeral elevation), and 1°:3°:11° (abduction). Discussion: Coronal plane clavicular/scapular/humeral rotations contributed to arm elevation height. Transverse plane rotations contributed to positioning the arm toward/away from midline. Sagittal plane clavicular/scapular/humeral rotations contributed to arm positioning in-front/behind the body and subacromial joint alignment. This normative data regarding simultaneous three-dimensional clavicular/scapular/humeral rotations during functional reach enables comparative analysis when evaluating shoulder pain/pathology in older adults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".