The influence of biological sex on skeletal muscle phospholipid membrane composition in response to omega n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and washout in humans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Omega n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake is associated with reduced inflammation, protection against cardiovascular disease, and improved cognitive function. There is also evidence that n-3 PUFA intake impacts skeletal muscle, potentially with greater effects in females than males. Sex-specific responses to n-3 PUFA intake may be linked to the incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) into skeletal muscle phospholipid membranes. However, no study has characterized the effect of biological sex on human skeletal muscle phospholipid composition in response to EPA+DHA supplementation, and washout of EPA and DHA from skeletal muscle phospholipids following the cessation of supplementation. In a repeated measures design, 15 females and 14 males consumed 5 g/d of EPA+DHA (3.75 g EPA; 1.25 g DHA) for 8 weeks followed by 14 weeks of washout. Skeletal muscle biopsies and venous blood samples were obtained at weeks 0 (baseline), 6, 8, 16, 20, and 22. Females displayed greater skeletal muscle EPA phospholipid composition (p= 0.035) at 6 weeks of supplementation, higher erythrocyte EPA phospholipid composition (p= 0.034), and whole plasma DHA composition (p= 0.033) compared to males. At 14 weeks of washout, skeletal muscle and erythrocyte EPA phospholipid composition (p< 0.001 and p= 0.005) remained elevated above baseline, whereas whole plasma EPA composition (p= 0.381) was not different from baseline. We demonstrate that 5 g/d EPA+DHA supplementation influences human fatty acid composition in a manner that is both sex- and tissue-dependant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".