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Record W4411927841 · doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlaf106

Understanding the mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungals in <i>Candida</i> species

2025· review· en· W4411927841 on OpenAlex
Yunxiao Li, Charlotte K. Hind, Jessica Furner-Pardoe, J. Mark Sutton, Khondaker Miraz Rahman

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueJAC-Antimicrobial Resistance · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicAntifungal resistance and susceptibility
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersChina Scholarship CouncilMedical Research Council CanadaDepartment of Health and Social CareMedical Research CouncilNational Institute for Health and Care Research
KeywordsAzoleCandida glabrataCandida tropicalisCandida aurisCandida parapsilosisCandida albicansBiologyDrug resistanceMicrobiologyAntifungal drugsAntifungalFluconazoleSystemic candidiasisCorpus albicans

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Cases of Candida infection have been on the rise in recent years. A comprehensive and clear understanding of the mechanisms of antifungal resistance is fundamental for developing novel therapies to address the current and emerging threat of fungal diseases. Certain Candida species can cause superficial or invasive infections in immunocompromised hosts, and invasive Candida infections are major contributors to infectious disease deaths. As fungi are eukaryotes like humans, there are only a limited number of unique molecular targets available for antifungal drug development. Until recently, there have only been four primary classes of antifungals used to treat systemic fungal infections. Among these, azole antifungals are globally used because they are both inexpensive and effective. Due to various factors, resistance to antifungal drugs—especially azole antifungals—has developed in many Candida species, posing a significant public health threat. This review discusses the known mechanisms of azole antifungal resistance in Candida albicans, Candida auris, Nakaseomyces glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and explores strategies to overcome the resistance problem.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.448
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0040.001
Bibliometrics0.0010.003
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.083
GPT teacher head0.330
Teacher spread0.247 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it