A comprehensive study of geomagnetic and TEC disturbances in relation to M <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si9.svg"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⩾</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 5.0 earthquakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the interaction between multiple layers of the Earth and seismic activity, specifically the lithosphere - atmosphere – ionosphere (LAI) coupling, which is the focus of the present study. Anomalies in LAI parameters, such as variations in geomagnetic field and total electron content (TEC) before seismic activity, have been regarded as earthquake precursors by previous researchers. However, earlier studies used only single parameters and had a limited number of case studies. This study aimed to investigate pre-earthquake anomalies using a multi-parameter approach. Geomagnetic field and TEC variations were used to investigate the relationship between the Earth’s layers and earthquakes. Utilising global geomagnetic data and TEC data, a comprehensive analysis was conducted on the variations of geomagnetic and TEC data for the 60 days preceding and five (5) days following the occurrences of the 694 earthquakes with magnitudes greater than and equal to 5.0 (M ⩾ 5.0) in the Japan region in 2011. Following the exclusion of days with geomagnetic storms, referred to as disturbed days, this investigation focused solely on undisturbed days. This study explored and compared geomagnetic and ionospheric disturbances during these undisturbed days preceding the earthquakes. Both geomagnetic and TEC precursors were significantly found in moderate and shallow earthquakes. It was revealed that, preceding the studied earthquake events, anomalous behaviours were evident in both geomagnetic and TEC variations, and these behaviours persisted even on undisturbed days. The study also observed that anomalous TEC parameters occurred within the same time frame as the geomagnetic anomalies, and they were found to be detected a month before the earthquakes. The occurrence rate of the geomagnetic precursors was higher of 65 % , than that of the TEC precursors of 11 % . These observations suggest that the preparation process for earthquakes could impact the ground and upper atmosphere, as described by the LAI coupling mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".