A weakly-compressible SPH-porous media model to simulate wave–breakwater interactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study introduces a weakly-compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model for accurately simulating free-surface flows and wave interactions with permeable breakwaters. Using mixture theory and the intrinsic phase-averaging method, we integrate the porous media constitutive law into the fluid flow solver, allowing SPH particles to dynamically adjust their volume based on local porosity variations. To enhance numerical stability, we introduce a modified dynamic particle collision regularization technique and employ an artificial density diffusive term that accounts for variable-volume particle interactions. We validate the developed SPH-porous media formulation against theoretical predictions and experimental benchmarks, demonstrating its capability to capture long-term wave propagation over permeable structures. Results confirm that our SPH model effectively handles particle interactions with varying volumes at the porous medium interface, mitigating particle clustering issues. This work provides a robust and high-performance SPH tool for investigating wave dynamics in coastal engineering applications, including the design of permeable breakwaters and revetments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".