A weakly-compressible SPH-porous media model to simulate wave–breakwater interactions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study introduces a weakly-compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model for accurately simulating free-surface flows and wave interactions with permeable breakwaters. Using mixture theory and the intrinsic phase-averaging method, we integrate the porous media constitutive law into the fluid flow solver, allowing SPH particles to dynamically adjust their volume based on local porosity variations. To enhance numerical stability, we introduce a modified dynamic particle collision regularization technique and employ an artificial density diffusive term that accounts for variable-volume particle interactions. We validate the developed SPH-porous media formulation against theoretical predictions and experimental benchmarks, demonstrating its capability to capture long-term wave propagation over permeable structures. Results confirm that our SPH model effectively handles particle interactions with varying volumes at the porous medium interface, mitigating particle clustering issues. This work provides a robust and high-performance SPH tool for investigating wave dynamics in coastal engineering applications, including the design of permeable breakwaters and revetments.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it