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Record W4411966225 · doi:10.1016/j.dcan.2025.06.007

Balancing sustainability and security: A review of 5G and IoT in smart cities

2025· review· en· W4411966225 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueDigital Communications and Networks · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicSmart Cities and Technologies
Canadian institutionsUniversité de Moncton
FundersPrincess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University
KeywordsComputer scienceInternet of ThingsSustainabilitySmart cityComputer securityUrban sustainability

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This century's rapid urbanization has disrupted urban governance, sustainability, and resource management. The Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G have the potential to transform smart cities through real-time data processing, enhanced connectivity, and sustainable urban design. This study investigates the potential of 5G connectivity with the IoT's hierarchical framework to enhance public service provision, mitigate environmental effects, and optimize urban resource management. The article asserts that these technologies can enhance urban operations by tackling scalability, interoperability, and security issues. The research employs case studies from Singapore and Barcelona. The document moreover analyzes AI-driven security systems, 6G networks, and the contributions of IoT and 5G to the advancement of a circular economy. The essay asserts that the growth of smart cities necessitates robust policy frameworks to guarantee equitable access, data protection, and ethical considerations. This study integrates prior research with practical experiences to tackle data-informed municipal governance and urban innovation. The importance of policy in fostering inclusive and sustainable urban futures is emphasized.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.908
Threshold uncertainty score0.695

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.269
Teacher spread0.255 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it