Influence of Obesity on Radiographic Changes in Patients With Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is characterized by calcification and ossification, predominantly affecting the axial skeleton. DISH is associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension, all included in the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of DISH in patients with MetS and the influence of obesity on spinal radiographic changes related to DISH vs degenerative changes. Methods Patients diagnosed with MetS were categorized into 4 obesity classes (World Health Organization criteria). Based on Resnick criteria, patients were classified as DISH or non-DISH. Radiographs were assessed for degenerative (d)-spondylophytes and DISH-related chunky (Drc)-spondylophytes, and their association with obesity was analyzed. Results There were 124 patients were included, of whom 42 (33.9%) were identified as having DISH. The mean BMI was 39.8 (SD 6.3), with obesity classes distributed as follows: preobese (n = 7), obesity class I (n = 19), II (n = 38), and III (n = 60). Higher obesity classes (II and III) were significantly associated with an increased number of Drc-spondylophytes in all patients. In DISH, obesity class ≥ II was linked to a greater number of Drc-spondylophytes (14.8 [SD 10.3] vs 9.7 [SD 7.7]), whereas no association was found between obesity and d-spondylophytes. Overall, patients with DISH had fewer d-spondylophytes than those without DISH (2.7 [SD 2.7] vs 4.1 [SD 4.1]; P = 0.04). Conclusion One-third of patients with MetS were classified as having DISH. In contrast to degenerative spine disease, obese MetS classes II and III were significantly associated with radiographic spinal changes attributed to DISH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".