In the clear: weather drives the northward movement of American Tree Sparrows ( Spizelloides arborea ) as spring progresses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The American Tree Sparrow (<em>Spizelloides arborea</em>) is a sub-Arctic breeding species that spends the nonbreeding season in temperate regions of North America and is a high priority candidate for conservation status assessment. To provide new information about their movement ecology and migratory connectivity, we used automated radio telemetry to track their movements and stable-isotope analysis of feathers to infer breeding or natal origin. Following capture on their nonbreeding grounds in southern Ontario, Canada, from January to mid-April, birds interspersed periods of residency with punctuated regional-scale movements biased northwards from early February to mid-May. These movements predominantly occurred during dusk or night, increased in frequency with day of year, and were positively associated with higher temperature, higher atmospheric pressure, less cloud cover, and winds with less of a westerly component. These characteristics indicate that late nonbreeding to pre-breeding migratory movements may serve to track the advancement of spring in our region. All birds had left the southern Ontario study region (< 45.8°N) by late April, and two birds were detected en route to breeding areas north of 45.8°N in May. A few birds (nine of 71) retained their tags, returned to the study region, and were detected in the subsequent fall, with one individual being detected at their initial capture site. Stable-isotope analysis of feathers suggested that wintering American Tree Sparrows in Ontario originated across a broad area of the breeding range from eastern Alaska to Nunavut. Results from our study provide the first data linking breeding and nonbreeding locations and provide a mechanistic basis for the timing of pre-breeding migration for this northern breeding species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".