Apoptosis in Cardiac Conditions Including Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly regulated process of programmed cell death and plays a crucial pathogenic role in a variety of conditions including cardiovascular diseases. There are two pathways leading to apoptosis, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. In the intrinsic pathway, also known as the mitochondria-mediated pathway, the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress. Mitochondria account for 30% of cardiomyocyte volume, and therefore, the heart is vulnerable to apoptosis. The extrinsic pathway, also known as the death receptor-mediated pathway, is initiated by death receptors, members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene superfamily. Excessive apoptosis is involved in cardiac dysfunction in different cardiac conditions, including heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The last entity is a serious cardiac complication of patients with cirrhosis. To date, there is no effective treatment for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The conventional treatments for non-cirrhotic heart failure such as vasodilators are not applicable due to the generalized peripheral vasodilatation in cirrhotic patients. Exploring new approaches for the treatment of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is therefore of utmost importance. Since apoptosis plays an essential role in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular conditions, anti-apoptotic treatment could potentially prevent/attenuate the development and progression of cardiac diseases. Anti-apoptotic treatment may also apply to cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. The present review summarizes apoptotic mechanisms in different cardiac diseases, including cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, and potential therapies to regulate apoptosis in these conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".