Human achromatic flickers and phosphenes thresholds under extremely low frequency electric stimulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Human exposure to extremely low-frequency (< 300 Hz) electric/magnetic fields elicits a stroboscopic visual perception called electro/magneto phosphenes. The induction of phosphenes is the most exhaustively documented effect of in-situ electric fields. Thus, they are used by international guidelines as the basis for limiting human exposure to extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields. This study aimed to estimate the phosphene perception locus and threshold during an electric current stimulation for four different frequencies (20, 50, 60, and 100 Hz) and to estimate the associated in-situ electric field. Phosphene perception probabilities were calculated in 20 volunteers using binary logistic regressions applied to perceptual responses resulting from non-invasive transcranial alternating current stimulation between 0 and 2 mA delivered at 20, 50, 60, and 100 Hz. A dosimetry analysis was done to study the in-situ electric field induced in the retina during the electric stimulation. The data indicate that the stimulation current plays a significant role in the model's predictions across all frequencies. Phosphene perception thresholds were lowest at 20 Hz, while no perceptible phosphene were observed at 100 Hz. The findings of this study are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of phosphene induction and further support the retinal origin of phosphenes. The observed thresholds and trends will inform updates to international guidelines and standards.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".