Impactor-Assisted Atomization in Multi-Jet Twin-Fluid Injectors for FCC Risers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Fluidized Bed Catalytic Cracking relies heavily on the atomization efficiency of the feed injection system, where vacuum gas oil is sprayed into the riser reactor for rapid vaporization and catalyst contact.This study experimentally investigates the spray behavior of a twin-fluid nozzle designed for FCC applications, focusing on the influence of air-to-liquid ratio (ALR) on droplet dynamics.Spatial measurements reveal that increasing ALR significantly reduces the section-averaged Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) due to enhanced aerodynamic shear.The 3-hole injector consistently outperforms the 4-hole design, generating finer and more uniform droplets.Droplet size distributions exhibit lognormal behavior, with decreasing variance at higher ALRs, indicating improved spray uniformity.In contrast, axial velocity distributions deviate from normality, reflecting the influence of turbulent air-droplet interactions.The power-law correlation between SMD and ALR demonstrates that droplet breakup is primarily controlled by the air-to-liquid mass ratio and injector geometry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".