Environmental organizations, urbanization, and the carbon emissions of nations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental organizations are key players in navigating society towards sustainability, yet existing studies are constrained in exploring the conditions under which these organizations can effectively contribute to mitigating climate change. This study leverages the inherent variance within the network structure of domestic civil society to assess the centrality of environmental organizations and their consequential impact on national carbon emissions, focusing on the intricate dynamics of urbanization. Using social network analysis and fixed effects regression models for 87 countries from 1990 to 2022, the findings reveal that the higher network centrality of environmental organizations in more urbanized settings reduces overall carbon emissions, per capita emissions, and carbon emissions per unit of GDP, while the central positioning of environmental organizations does not contribute to reducing emissions in less urbanized countries. Furthermore, case studies of Brazil and the Netherlands—two nations exhibiting comparable levels of urbanization—underscore that environmental organizations with more affiliations and ties to larger associations can effectively influence a nation’s trajectory of carbon emissions. In conclusion, this study posits that the strategic positioning of environmental organizations within civil society is crucial for their influence in steering sustainable transitions, with urban development amplifying their impact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".