Gametophytic apomixis in a gymnosperm, Larix decidua Mill., results in normal male meiosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An adult tree of Larix decidua Mill., European larch, was produced from doubling one haploid female gametophyte. Whether this tree can produce normal male meiocytes is the crucial question. This adult’s pollen mother cells (PMCs), or male meiocytes, were squashed and stained. Male meiosis was normal and no abortive pollen grains were observed. This female gametophytic apomict of a conifer, a dihaploid adult, is 100% homozygous yet also reproductively competent with normal male meiosis and functional male pollen. Here we show that doubled female gametophytes can produce embryos and reproductively competent adult trees. This shows a way to gain rapid homozygosity and produce completely inbred lines for larch. This is a novel breeding shortcut reported for the first time for a conifer species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".