Piezoelectric crystalline hydrogels of two surfactants with different polarity and long-chain alcohols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Piezoelectric materials are capacitive and transform mechanical deformations into electricity. The zwitterionic surfactant cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine (CAPS) and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) have a different dipole moment. Binary mixtures of CAPS and water are capacitive, although they are liquid or incohesive. CAPS interacts with decanol through its amino and sulfate groups, as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A CAPS-decanol complex with a melting point of ~31 °C is observed by differential scanning calorimetry. Mixtures of 1:1:14 CAPS:decanol: water (mole based) are birefringent gels, with an elastic modulus G' greater than the loss modulus G", as shown by polarized light microscopy and shear rheology. They have a cubic crystalline structure, as shown by X-ray diffraction in the small angle X ray scattering (SAXS) region. Aqueous mixtures of CAPS and decanol are also capacitive and piezoelectric. CAPS-octanol interactions are weaker, and their aqueous mixtures are more amorphous compared to CAPS-decanol mixtures, as revealed by SAXS. SDS also yields crystalline, birefringent gels upon mixing with water and either octanol or decanol. However, SDS has a smaller dipole moment than CAPS, and these gels are less capacitive.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".