Pierre Marie, 1916–1917: Functional radiographic imaging of vision and aphasia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article describes how Pierre Marie developed a radiographic method to localize functional areas in the brain of French World War I soldiers having sustained a penetrating craniocerebral injury. The brains cadavers were removed from their skulls and lead wires were placed in the Rolandic, Sylvian, and calcarine fissures, and major sulci. The brains were returned into their skulls and x-rays were taken using the same size and magnification used clinically in visually impaired or aphasic soldiers. The position of the wires outlining the fissures and sulci were averaged and traced on a sheet of transparent paper, on which the gyri were labeled, thus creating an idealized brain map. The transparent brain map was placed over an injured soldier's skull x-ray, and both were placed on an x-ray viewer, revealing the site of the skull fracture overlying the cortical injury in relation to brain map. Marie was the first to apply new technology--radiology, tolocalise functional areas of the brain. Using this method, Marie andhis collaborators discovered the role of the calcarine cortex invision and formulated a new theory of aphasia.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".