Both Linear and Area-based Methods Provide an Accurate and Reliable Measurement of Anterior Shoulder Instability Related Glenoid Bone Loss
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Recurrent anterior shoulder instability may lead to capsuloligamentous and bony lesions of the glenoid and humerus. To date, there is no clear consensus on how to best measure anterior glenoid bone loss (GBL) in the setting of recurrent instability. The objective of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of 7 different methods of measuring anterior GBL on three-dimensional models based on computed tomography. Methods: Eight levels of GBL in the anterior and anteroinferior directions were virtually generated in 14 three-dimensional healthy glenoid models. GBL was measured with 7 different methods: based on a height/width ratio (M1), based on surface area within a circle (M2 and M3), based on linear distance within a circle, (M4, M5, and M6), and based on a volume ratio (M7). For each method, the measurement accuracy was assessed by comparing the calculated value with the true amount of generated GBL. The measurement reliability was assessed by computing the score variance and intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: The most accurate (average measurement error of <2% and largest proportion with error <5%) and reliable (ICC >0.96) measurement methods for GBL were M2 (based on surface area) and M5 (based on the linear distance). The average measurement error for the other methods ranged between 3% and 11% for anterior GBL and between 2% and 9% for anteroinferior GBL. For anterior GBL, the measurement increased by an average of 0.5% for each 1% increase in circle radius, leading to an overestimation of GBL with a larger circle diameter. Conclusion: The methods for calculating glenoid bone loss performed better for the more common direct anterior bone loss rather than the less common anteroinferior-directed bone loss. Both an area-based method (M2) and linear distance-based method (M5) resulted in accurate and reliable measurements of glenoid bone loss; however, the linear distance-based methods may be easier to perform clinically. The height-width ratio and volume methods were less accurate and reliable. Level of Evidence: Level IV; case series; diagnostic studies. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it