Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the great age of corporal punishments in German-speaking lands to draw attention to the historical intersections between senses, disability, and social death. Between approximately 1400 and 1550, civic and territorial magistrates administered a wide variety of corporal punishments on subjects, including mutilating punishments such as blinding. This article sketches the history of judicial blinding through a close reading of the archival record from the free imperial city of Frankfurt am Main and contextualizes this evidence by reference to the practice in other sites across German-speaking lands. It explains the origins of judicial blinding, analyzes major patterns in how the punishment was administered, and interprets the age of judicial blinding as a long experiment in social death. To make this final interpretive argument, this article shows how those who suffered the punishment embodied the three major criteria associated with social death in modern theoretical discussions of the concept: loss of bodily integrity, loss of social identity, and loss of social networks. Throughout, analysis and interpretation bring together insights from early modern sensory history and disability history.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".