Comparison of the Collection Status of Unused Medicines Domestically and Internationally and Derivation of Policy Implications
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Improper disposal of unused or expired medications poses significant risks to public health and the environment. In South Korea, pharmaceutical waste management is regulated at the municipal level through local ordinances, resulting in inconsistent practices and fragmented regulations. This study compared South Korea’s system with those of the United States, Canada, and Australia, where federal or state laws ensure more systematic and uniform management. In 2021, South Korea’s per capita pharmaceutical waste collection rate (0.008 kg) was lower than Canada’s (0.0123 kg) and Australia’s (0.031 kg). Among South Korean regions, Sejong Special Self-Governing City achieved the highest per capita collection rate (0.0388 kg), likely due to an efficient collection process. The study identified key challenges, including low public awareness, inadequate promotion of proper disposal practices, and the absence of an integrated regulatory framework. To overcome these challenges, this study suggests implementing unified national regulations, developing systematic programs, and strengthening collaboration among key stakeholders. These measures are anticipated to enhance the efficiency of pharmaceutical waste collection systems in South Korea, providing a foundation for public health promotion and environmental protection.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it