Improving dimensional stability of <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> wood by ultrasonic alkali-assisted DMDHEU treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The effectiveness of DMDHEU (1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxy ethylene urea) modification is influenced by factors such as pore size distribution. In this study, ultrasonic-assisted-alkali pretreatment combined with DMDHEU impregnation was used to enhance the hygroscopic dimensional stability of Ailanthus altissima wood. The weight percentage gain (WPG), absolute dry density, tangential swelling, resin distribution, and chemical functional groups were analyzed. The results showed a marked reduction in the tangential swelling of DMDHEU-ultrasonic-4 % NaOH-pretreated samples, decreasing from about 2.0 % and 4.9 % in untreated samples (without any pretreatment or DMDHEU impregnation) to 0.6 % and 3.2 % at approximately 11.3 % and 75.3 % RH, Respectively. Compared to untreated samples, DMDHEU-ultrasonic-pretreated samples exhibited increased WPG, Absolute dry density, and dimensional stability. Ultrasound-assisted pretreatment also influenced resin distribution within vessels, with raised-membranous resin formations observed in the DMDHEU-ultrasonic-4 % NaOH-pretreated samples, in contrast to the sporadic deposition in untreated samples. Furthermore, XPS and ATR-FTIR results indicated ultrasonic pretreatment facilitated deeper DMDHEU resin penetration into the wood cell wall, converting hydrophilic hydroxyl groups into hydrophobic ester and ether bonds. These findings underscore the significance of ultrasonic alkali pretreatment in enhancing the efficacy of DMDHEU modification for A. altissima , contributing to improved durability and expanding potential applications for this fast-growing timber species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".