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Record W4412153291 · doi:10.1080/08913811.2025.2500202

Economics: More than a Science

2025· article· en· W4412153291 on OpenAlex
Randall Mørck

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueCritical Review · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicEconomic Theory and Institutions
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Alberta
Fundersnot available
KeywordsEconomicsSociologyNeoclassical economicsPolitical sciencePositive economics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Economics explains human prosperity as arising predominantly from a process of creative destruction: Successions of innovators create new wealth by conceiving and developing new higher productivity technologies that destroy, partially or completely, the wealth built by their predecessor technologies. Because higher productivity is, by definition, the production of more or more valued outputs from less or less costly inputs, creative destruction increases wealth over the long run. Economic models, in hopeful emulation of the natural sciences, are built from quantifiable probabilities and outcomes. However, new technologies are new creations of human minds, previously unconceived, let alone assigned probability distributions over well-defined outcomes. Economics must be more ambitious. Economics seeks to explain not merely decision-making in an expanding space of conceivable probabilities and outcomes, but decision making that causes that expansion. Behavioral economics reveals that humans rarely think in terms of quantitative probabilities and outcomes, but typically use narrative decision-making. Confronted with a problem, humans formulate a response by recalling and recombining narratives – actual or learned memories of problems, responses and outcomes, each triad with an emotional weight. New narratives arising as recombinations of existing narratives, and economically selected for higher productivity, potentially explains combinatorial economic growth.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.921
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.002

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.058
GPT teacher head0.319
Teacher spread0.261 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it