Bridging Copper–Oxygen–Titanium Bonds for Methanol Photoreforming to Hydrogen on Zero-Dimensional/Two-Dimensional Cu<sub><i>x</i></sub>O/TiO<sub>2</sub> Heterojunctions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solar-driven hydrogen (H 2 ) evolution from liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) by using rationally designed heterojunctions represents a transformative approach toward carbon neutrality. However, practical implementation is hindered by inefficient charge separation and transport, predominantly due to suboptimal interfacial engineering in conventional heterostructures. Here, dense Cu–O–Ti bonds are created between zero-dimensional (0D) Cu x O nanocrystals (2–3 nm) and two-dimensional (2D) TiO 2 architectures via a mechanism mediated by unsaturated oxygen atoms, which serve as electron mobility highways to ease excited-state relaxation and recombination. The optimized heterostructure achieves a record-high H 2 evolution activity (64 mmol·g –1 ·h –1 ) from methanol photoreforming, outperforming pristine TiO 2 and commercial TiO 2 by 9-fold and 428-fold, respectively. Dynamic Cu 2+ /Cu + redox cycling not only contributes to durability in extracting protons from methanol to H 2 but also activates water molecules, promoting methanol oxidation into formic acid. This work points to a feasible path to overcome the quantum mechanical barriers for methanol photoreforming, powering an efficiency leap for solar-to-H 2 conversion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".