Rapid Release of Doxorubicin from Thermosensitive Liposomes─Contributions of Leakage Versus Unloading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Drug release from liposomes loaded by remote loading can proceed via two principal routes: (i) the leakage of the entrapped drug through membrane pores; (ii) the permeation of the drug through the intact membrane as the gradient used for remote loading is collapsed ("unloading"). We assess the contributions of the two release mechanisms for doxorubicin loaded via a pH-gradient into lysolipid-containing thermosensitive liposomes. To this end, release into buffer at physiological pH is compared with release into acidic buffer which should eliminate unloading but leave leakage largely unaffected. Above the transition point at ≈41 °C, unloading contributes ∼30% to the overall fast drug release occurring within 30 s. Immediately below the transition, there is still partial release and partial collapse of the pH-gradient but no substantial unloading. This can be explained by a low permeability of gel-phase lipid for (even deprotonated) doxorubicin and insufficient deprotonation at these pH values.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".