A novel high carbon, high chromium tool steel powder for elevated temperature tribological applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new high carbon Fe-12.5Cr-1.5Mo-6V-2.5 W tool steel powder, designated HCrVC, was developed and successfully water atomized. The high carbon content protects Cr from oxidation during water atomisation and results in ∼50 vol% total carbides and 1050 HV0.05 hardness. A final density of 6.90 g cm −3 was achieved for a mix with 20 wt% HCrVC in a low alloy matrix, suitable for wear-resistant valve seat inserts via press and sinter powder metallurgy. The simplicity and robustness of the powder production process enable a cost-effective, lean tool steel for the competitive automotive market. Notably, the sintered material exhibited comparable or superior high-temperature wear resistance to wrought AISI D2 and H13 steels at 300 °C and 450 °C, confirming its suitability for elevated-temperature applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".