Efficacy and safety of Cheonwangbosim-dan (Tian Wang Bu Xin Dan) for treatment of mild cognitive impairment: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), an intermediate condition between healthy cognitive changes due to aging and dementia, is a risk factor for dementia. Cheonwangbosim-dan (CWBSD) is a traditional herbal medicine widely used to improve mental and physical illness in East Asia. We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of CWBSD in the treatment of MCI. This clinical trial adopted a double-blind, single-center, parallel-arm, prospective, randomized controlled pilot study design with a full analysis set. Forty-eight participants with MCI were randomized to the control or CWBSD groups. The participants were administered either placebo or CWBSD once daily (at a dose of 3 g) for twenty-four weeks. The primary outcome measure was a change in the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA-K). The secondary outcome measures included memory, quality of life, depression, and level of activity in daily living. Safety measures were conducted by comparing the occurrence of adverse events and changes in blood chemistry parameters, pulse rate, and blood pressure between the two groups. After 24 weeks of treatment, no significant differences in the changes in the total MoCA-K scores were detected between the two groups. Changes in secondary outcomes were not significantly different between the two groups. In the safety evaluation, there was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to the occurrence of adverse events and changes in blood chemistry parameters, blood pressure, and pulse rate. We demonstrated that CWBSD treatment may be safe and does not significantly improve cognitive function, quality of life, daily activities, or depression in individuals with MCI. Further studies are necessary to validate the efficacy and safety of CWBSD in the treatment of MCI. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service KCT0006787.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".