The REgistry of Flow and Perfusion Imaging for Artificial INtelligEnce with PET (REFINE PET): Rationale and Design
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rationale: The REgistry of Flow and Perfusion Imaging for Artificial INtelligEnce with PET (REFINE PET) was established to aggregate PET and associated computed tomography (CT) images with clinical data from hospitals around the world into one comprehensive research resource. Methods: REFINE PET is a multicenter, international registry that contains both clinical and imaging data. The PET scans were processed using QPET software (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA), while the CT scans were processed using deep learning (DL) to detect coronary artery calcium (CAC). Patients were followed up for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), which include death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and late revascularization (>90 days from PET). Results: The REFINE PET registry currently contains data for 35,588 patients from 14 sites, with additional patient data and sites anticipated. Comprehensive clinical data (including demographics, medical history, and stress test results) were integrated with more than 2200 imaging variables across 42 categories. The registry is poised to address a broad range of clinical questions, supported by correlating invasive angiography (within 6 months of MPI) in 5972 patients and a total of 9252 major adverse cardiovascular events during a median follow-up of 4.2 years. Conclusion: The REFINE PET registry leverages the integration of clinical, multimodality imaging, and novel quantitative and AI tools to advance the role of PET/CT MPI in diagnosis and risk stratification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.073 | 0.067 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".