Implications of environmental changes for penis development in highly vulnerable phally polymorphic Vertigo species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In populations of phally polymorphic hermaphroditic species, two or three phallial morphs coexist, distinguished by the development of the penis. This study aimed to track changes in the frequency of these morphs over time and across sharp seasonal transitions in temperate climates, focusing on land snails. Additionally, it assessed whether shell dimensions differ among the phallial morphs. The study species were Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) and Vertigo angustior Jeffreys, 1830, members of the Vertiginidae family, predominantly found in Europe. Both species are threatened with extinction and listed in Annex II of the EU Habitat Directive. According to the IUCN, V. angustior is classified as Near Threatened, and V. moulinsiana as Vulnerable. Findings reveal species-specific responses to seasonal changes. The proportions of phallial morphs varied over time, with euphallics consistently being a minority in both species. No significant differences in shell size were found among phallial morph types, although shell size varied significantly between seasons. This variability likely reflects local environmental conditions. The observed shifts in phallial morph frequency and shell size may influence the genetic diversity and reproductive traits in these species. These findings underscore the importance of further research, particularly in the context of climate change and habitat deterioration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".