Clash of the Titans: Conflict Intensity, Community Dependence on Environmental Resources, and Stakeholder Multiplicity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Extending the stakeholder multiplicity perspective and resource dependence theory, this study investigates how the dependency of both a company and a community on environmental resources for livelihoods influences the conflict intensity between them. We theorize that companies face difficulties in managing key stakeholders when these stakeholders heavily rely on environmental resources for their livelihoods. We also argue that their conflicted relationship depends on surrounding stakeholders' involvements. This study highlights that stakeholder multiplicity shapes the dynamics in stakeholder salience (competing or cooperating), which in turn affects companies' approach toward them. The study analyses 318 global mining conflicts spanning from 2002 to 2013 using a hand‐collected, multi‐source dataset. Empirical findings reveal that local communities' dependence on environmental resources increases the intensity of conflicts between mining companies and communities. The positive effect of communities' resource dependence on conflict intensity is weakened by the involvement of environment‐oriented (vis‐a‐vis growth‐oriented) government actors. In contrast, the lack of support from broader society (societal inequality) strengthens this effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".