New record of <i>Psorophora howardii</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) in Southern Ontario, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Psorophora howardii Coquillett is a large floodwater mosquito native to much of the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, including the southern United States, several Caribbean Islands, and portions of Central and South America. Although it is recognized as a nuisance species, substantial gaps exist in the known range of Ps. howardii. In September 2024, multiple adults (2 males and 4 females) of Ps. howardii were collected at 2 different locations in Windsor-Essex County, Ontario, Canada. Specimens were collected during routine West Nile virus mosquito surveillance using CDC miniature light traps, using UV light and CO2, and a BG-Sentinel trap. Morphological identifications were confirmed using DNA barcoding (cytochrome oxidase I gene). This constitutes the first official record of Ps. howardii in Canada and is the northernmost record for the species (~42°N latitude). The detection of Ps. howardii at 2 locations, separated by 26 km, suggests established populations are present in southern Ontario, Canada. This discovery highlights the need for continued mosquito surveillance to monitor the northward expansion of mosquito species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".