Mean Kinetic Energy and its Projected Changes Dominate over Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Arctic Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As sea ice retreats in a warming climate, the Arctic Ocean is becoming more energetic; yet little is known about this additional energy’s distribution in the water column. We use a high-resolution (1/12°) pan-Arctic ocean-sea ice model forced by present day and future scenarios to examine changes in mean kinetic energy (MKE) and eddy kinetic energy (EKE). Our study suggests that both the mean and eddy fields are becoming more energetic under anthropogenic forcing but changes in the mean circulation dominate the increase, concurrent with a spin-up of the large-scale circulation, concentrated in the top 200 m and along boundaries. The increase in EKE is strongest in the upper 50 meters and is linked to enhanced baroclinic instability within the mean boundary currents. A better grasp of the distribution of this energy surplus helps to understand projected changes to stratification, mixing, and circulation in a future Arctic Ocean.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".