Fasting and postprandial Ghrelin levels in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive movement disorder with motor and non-motor symptoms, including gastrointestinal and olfactory dysfunctions. These symptoms may be associated with plasma concentrations of the hormone ghrelin. Lower fasting and postprandial plasma levels of total and active ghrelin were reported in PD, despite heterogeneous findings. In this meta-analysis, we assessed the magnitude of ghrelin dysregulation in PD and explored associated factors. We included quasi-experimental and observational studies assessing fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of total and/or active ghrelin in individuals with PD and controls (eight studies; 985 subjects). Compared to controls, fasting individuals with PD exhibited a significant reduction in total and active ghrelin concentrations. PD also showed significantly reduced postprandial concentrations of total and active ghrelin. This meta-analysis suggests that ghrelin may be crucially involved in the dysfunctions often observed in PD. Further studies should explore factors such as sex, drug therapy, and disease stages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.010 | 0.015 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".