Iron-Tuned Depth-Dependent P Transformation on Calcium Carbonate Coprecipitates: The Impact of Fe and P Loadings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The incorporation of iron (Fe) into calcium carbonate coprecipitates (CCCs) to form Fe-incorporated CCC (CCCFe) widely occurred in CCC-enriched soils and sediments. However, the molecular mechanism of phosphate (P) immobilization on CCCFe remains largely unknown. In this study, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the immobilization mechanisms of P on CCCFe with low and high Fe loadings (CCCFe l vs CCCFe h ) using P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy with surface-sensitive total electron yield (P-XANES TEY ) and bulk-sensitive fluorescence yield (P-XANES FLY ) modes. Results indicated that the high Fe loading inhibited calcite formation but favored vaterite production in the CCC and enhanced its P retention capacity. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) dominated over ferrihydrite-associated P (Fe–P) in the bulk of P sorbed on the CCCFe h, but amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) dominated over HAP for the CCC, suggesting Fe-induced transformation of the ACP to the HAP. Furthermore, the P-XANES TEY analysis indicated brushite primarily formed on the surface of the P sorbed on the CCCFe h at high P loading. Consistently, the spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis directly revealed ferrihydrite coating on the CCC and the presence of Ca–P and Fe–P associations. This study provides new molecular-level insights into Fe-tuned depth-dependent transformation of P on the CCC, thus benefiting P management in the CCC-enriched environmental settings.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".