Magmatic underplating and crustal intrusions accommodate extension during Red Sea continental rifting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Magmatism's role in continental rupture and ocean formation remains a critical question in Earth Sciences. The Red Sea, where Arabia is rifting from Nubia, offers an ideal setting to explore this process. This study analyses geochemical and isotopic data from gabbros and basaltic dikes in the Tihama Asir complex, formed during early Red Sea rifting (Late Oligocene). The results show that asthenospheric melts assimilated ancient lower crust before rising into shallow magma chambers with minimal upper crustal contamination. Rising asthenosphere driven by the Afar plume and by extensional stresses thermally weakened the lower crust, allowing it to decouple from the mantle, causing depth-dependent deformation. The generated asthenospheric melts underplated and intruded the thinning continental crust protracting continental rifting by re-thickening of the crust and accommodating extension. This study provides the evidence of tholeiitic underplating beneath thick continental crust during early rifting, substantially postponing the onset of seafloor spreading.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".