Biomaterial Strategies for Targeted Intracellular Delivery to Phagocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Phagocytes are essential for orchestrating both short‐ and long‐term immune responses by internalizing extracellular material to clear pathogens, resolve tissue damage, present antigens, and secrete regulatory cytokines. In chronic inflammation, however, phagocyte activity becomes dysregulated and can perpetuate disease. Current therapeutic approaches to inflammatory disease, including corticosteroids and biologics, are often limited by severe systemic side effects, lack of specificity, and high costs, underscoring the need for precise interventions. Particulate delivery systems offer a transformative solution, leveraging their biocompatibility, scalability, and customizable properties for immune modulation. These systems enable controlled drug release, site‐specific targeting, and the capacity to selectively influence phagocyte behavior through tailored size, shape, and surface modifications. In this review, the potential of particulate systems to revolutionize phagocyte‐targeted therapies is explored. By examining key design parameters including particle size, shape, surface chemistry, and material properties, and their interactions with immune cells, this review provides a comprehensive framework for optimizing technologies to achieve precision immune modulation. Emphasis is placed on how these design choices influence receptor engagement, uptake pathways (phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, receptor‐mediated endocytosis), intracellular trafficking, and immune polarization. Actionable design principles tailored to specific therapeutic goals, such as promoting tolerogenic responses for autoimmunity or fine‐tuning inflammatory resolution in chronic diseases are provided.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".