Sea-level rise, climatic variability, and human impacts in a coastal lagoon of the Mexican Caribbean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the Holocene, the Yucatan Peninsula has undergone substantial environmental variability shaped by the complex interplay of natural and anthropogenic factors. The paleoenvironmental evidence points to changes in moisture availability and human activity that resulted in large vegetation and geomorphic changes. However, little evidence is available on the temporal changes in freshwater availability, a critical aspect associated with the functioning of natural ecosystems and the spatiotemporal patterns of human occupation. Here, we report a paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on a 6200-year-old sedimentary sequence from La Encantada Lagoon, 8 km away from the Caribbean coastline of the Yucatan Peninsula. By analyzing sediment geochemistry and the content of foraminifera, ostracods, and cladocerans, we disentangled the role of natural and anthropogenic forcings on the evolution of the lagoon. According to our results, during its early stages, the evolution of the lacustrine system was strongly influenced by sea level rise. Subsequently, a progressive increase of the evaporation/precipitation ratio that probably resulted from the weakening of the hydroclimatic cycle, in parallel with intensified anthropogenic impacts, caused the lagoon to transition from a deep freshwater system to a shallow and eutrophic water body. Around 1000 years ago, the end of the driest period coincided with a significant decrease in anthropogenic pressure, allowing the lagoon to recover into a deeper, clearer, and more ecologically diverse lacustrine system. The environmental history of La Encantada Lagoon highlights the influence of both natural and human variability as key drivers of highly dynamic ecological processes at local and regional scales. • Sea level controlled environmental dynamics until ∼5500 yr BP. • Climate and people have been the main drivers during the last ∼5500 years. • Climate and human activities resulted in a eutrophic lagoon from ∼2300 to 1100 yr BP. • At ∼3000 yr BP., the lake system turned from a CO 2 sink into a source. • The modern ecosystem has been present only during the last millennium.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".