Fructose-induced synaptic and neuronal adaptations at neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fructose is a naturally-occurring sugar, consumed in excess as sweeteners, and is linked to the development of obesity. Fructose is consumed with glucose (dextrose) in added sugars, but while dextrose produces satiety, excessive fructose intake promotes hyperphagia through the brain. However, the neurological effects of dietary fructose are not clearly defined. We fed male and female mice standard chow, a 60% high fructose, or 60% high dextrose diet and found that fructose- and dextrose-fed mice ate more calories and gained more body fat despite increasing fat oxidation and energy expenditure. Furthermore, their metabolic syndromes were more prominent in male mice, who also developed glucose intolerance. To define the neurological effects underlying the obesogenic actions of fructose, we performed ex vivo patch-clamp recordings from orexigenic Neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Fructose feeding uniquely increased synaptic excitation at NPY/AgRP neurons, which remained elevated with sustained fructose exposure; this excitation may arise from glutamatergic neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. Terminating fructose feeding reversed this synaptic excitation at male but not female NPY/AgRP neurons. Furthermore, chronic but not acute fructose feeding in male mice also irreversibly activated NPY/AgRP neurons even following fructose withdrawal. Interestingly, despite sex-dependent fructose-mediated plasticity at NPY/AgRP neurons, a prolonged fructose withdrawal increased innate fructose preference in both male and female mice. Taken together, these findings showed that fructose elicited synaptic and neuronal excitation at NPY/AgRP neurons that can be long-lasting. These actions are consistent with that seen during hunger and may thus promote hyperphagia in the expression of fructose-mediated obesity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".