Open waste burning – sectoral solutions for air pollution and health
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Case study: Phasing out coal-fired electric power generation in Canada Open waste burningsectoral solutions for air pollution and health Technical brief Key messagesReducing open waste burning is essential for achieving clean air, clean energy access, climate change mitigation and health and well-being.Globally, over 2 billion tonnes of waste are produced annually.Household waste usually comprises a variety of materials including glass, plastics, metals, cardboard, paper, polystyrene, and organic matter such as food and garden waste.Infrequently, demolition waste, household chemicals or tyres may be included.Open waste burning may occur at major landfills, small or remote dumpsites, individual households or in streets.Emissions from open waste burning include various air pollutants, some of which may have more harmful climate and health impacts.Short-and long-term exposure to these pollutants result in adverse health effects such as coughing, dermatological symptoms, respiratory diseases and other health outcomes.Some household waste is collected and managed appropriately while uncollected waste is often burned, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), but also in rural areas regardless of country income.Waste burned at the household level is usually due to a nonexistent or poor municipal solid waste collection and waste management system.This is often the case in informal settlements and rural areas where the return on investment in collection facilities is poor.To compound this issue there may be a lack of awareness of the associated adverse health impacts as well as embedded cultural practices.Other reasons behind burning refuse, particularly in LMICs, may be to support livelihoods such as retrieval of metals from electrical items or to generate heat for food preparation or warmth, especially in regions with poor access to clean energy solutions. Air Quality, Energy and Health Science and Policy SummariesOpen waste burning -sectoral solutions for air pollution and health: Technical brief Overview Open waste burning and its health impactsOver 2 billion tonnes of waste are generated globally each year (1).In 2012, the estimated amount of waste generated in lower income countries was 0.6 kg/capita/day; in high-income countries it was 2.1 kg/capita/day (2).Due to the heterogeneous nature of household waste, the emissions from burning it differ in composition (3).This makes it difficult to accurately quantify pollutants emitted during waste burning.The management of domestic waste differs greatly depending on region and, most importantly, country income level.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.017 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".