A tert-butyl functionalized quinone as active material for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries exhibiting high round-trip efficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The implementation of renewable electricity into the grid requires efficient grid-energy storage systems for balancing supply and demand. Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are a low-cost, safe option for grid energy storage; however, challenges pertaining to energy storage capacity, round-trip efficiency, stability, and reliance on critical minerals still need to be addressed. Herein, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-ortho-benzoquinone (TBOBQ) was evaluated as an organic cathode material for ZIBs, achieving a maximum theoretical specific capacity of 246 mAh/g at 40 mA/g (C/4) with a 1 to 1 mass ratio of TBOBQ-to-acetylene black. The observed charge and discharge curves presented a voltage hysteresis of only 100 mV, resulting in a round-trip efficiency of 90%. Degradation of the TBOBQ cathode was attributed to fractional dimerization and dissolution during discharge, as observed by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and rotating ring disk electrode. This work sets the stage for the development of organic ZIB cathodes based on TBOBQ with high discharge capacities and energy efficiency.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".