Optimization of Catalyst Synthesis Using Ornamental Stone Waste Supported on Activated Carbon for Enhancing Biodiesel Production Efficiency
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide This work describes the optimization of the synthesis of carbon-supported heterogeneous catalysts containing CaO and MgO derived from ornamental stone waste (OSW) in view of their use for biodiesel production. The catalysts were prepared by mixing the OSW and coconut shell activated carbon (CSAC) powders with a NaOH solution under constant stirring; the mixture was then subjected to thermal treatments in an inert atmosphere. The variables of the synthesis process (thermal treatment temperature, residence time, and OSW/CSAC mass ratio) were analyzed using 2 3 full factorial designs; the response variable was the biodiesel conversion, monitored by solution 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The presence of the phases CaO, MgO, Na 2 CO 3, Na 2 Ca(CO 3 ) 2, and Ca(OH) 2 (in amounts depending on the synthesis conditions) was identified by X-ray diffraction and solid-state 23 Na NMR. The biodiesel conversion varied between 47 and 85%, with the highest value corresponding to the catalyst prepared using an OSW/CSAC mass ratio of 50:20 and thermally treated at 800 °C for 1 h. The main benefit of using the porous carbon support for the catalytically active phases was the significant reduction in the number of metals leached into the produced biodiesel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".