Resisting Palestine's Partition: Elizabeth MacCallum, the Arab world, and UN Resolution 181 (II)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay revisits the United Nations’ adoption of Resolution 181 (II) in 1947 that led to Palestine's partition. Its focus is on the resistance to partition by Canadian diplomat and Middle Eastern specialist Elizabeth MacCallum, as well as by representatives of the Arab states and allies in the UN. An extensive review of both Canadian and UN archival sources reveals that resistance to partition was much stronger than conventional accounts suggest. Canada's Lester B. Pearson, along with other Canadian diplomats, overcame this opposition. In an era of great sympathy for the Jewish victims of Nazi Germany, it was possible for anti-Arab and anti-Palestinian racism, romanticization of political Zionism, and uncritical support for Pax Americana on the part of Pearson and others to triumph, paving the way for the partition of Palestine and the creation of Israel. Palestinians continue to resist.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.023 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".