Current and future ecological niche of <i>Dermacentor similis</i> Lado (Acari: Ixodidae) in western North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dermacentor similis Lado (Acari: Ixodidae) is a newly described tick species within western North America. These ticks were previously referred to as "western Dermacentor variabilis (Say)" and were genetically distinct from D. variabilis in eastern North America. Despite the known genetic differences, the ecology of this species was not investigated separately from eastern populations of D. variabilis. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to describe the current and future areas of ecological suitability of D. similis in western North America, and to determine the bioclimatic and environmental variables of importance for ecological suitability of this species. Twenty-nine confirmed samples of D. similis from the western United States (California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho) and Canada (British Columbia) were used in species distribution model creation via MaxEnt. Seven variables were included in the final current species distribution model of D. similis: terrestrial ecoregion, degree-days below zero degrees Celsius, Hogg's climate moisture index, mean annual relative humidity, day of the year on which the frost-free period begins, precipitation as snow, and extreme maximum temperature over thirty years. Under current conditions, high levels of ecological suitability were observed in the Okanagan region of British Columbia, Washington (extending into Oregon and Idaho), and regions of coastal and inland California. Future ecological suitability were similar to the current ecological suitability under both climate scenarios (2041 to 2070, SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0). The results of this study will inform public and animal health messaging and awareness.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".