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Record W4412482489 · doi:10.1080/13600834.2025.2533042

The rule of law or the rule of robots? Nationally representative survey evidence from Kenya

2025· article· en· W4412482489 on OpenAlexaff
Brian Flanagan, Guilherme Almeida, Daniel Chen, Angela Gitahi

Bibliographic record

VenueInformation & Communications Technology Law · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldAgricultural and Biological Sciences
TopicLand Rights and Reforms
Canadian institutionsMcGill University
FundersFaculty of Social Sciences, University of KentSocial Science Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University
KeywordsRule of lawPolitical scienceLawRobotComputer scienceArtificial intelligence

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

With AI now passing the bar, and with increasing court caseloads worldwide hampering access to justice, there are calls for judges to make use of chatbots to help expedite their work. Such calls pose a normative question: whether our ideal of the rule of law is consistent with judicial reliance on computer generated legal research. In deciding whether artificial intelligence could support the administration of justice in this way, the views of those who stand to gain the most through more readily available dispute resolution will be critical. Collecting nationally representative survey data from Kenya, we report a vignette-based experiment on the acceptability of AI law clerks – assistants whose legal analysis does not decide what the law says but which informs the ultimate decision. We find that an AI’s influence on the law’s application is seen as no less legitimate than that of a human assistant. This result spurs efforts to systematically investigate whether the integration of AI might make justice systems more efficient, accessible, and trustworthy in practice.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.837
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0020.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.045
GPT teacher head0.303
Teacher spread0.259 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations0
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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