Ageing reveals the latent effects of early life stress on respiratory and metabolic function in female rats: Novel insights into the sex‐specific origins of sleep apnoea
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sleep apnoea (SA) is ∼2 times more prevalent in men than women. However, this changes at menopause as the occurrence of SA increases and matches that of men. Menopause is a natural process, but it remains unclear why SA emerges only in a subpopulation of ageing women. Early life stress has persistent and sex-specific effects on the brain. Since loss of ovarian hormones is commonly invoked to explain the emergence of various diseases in menopausal women, we tested the hypothesis that the impacts of early life stress on respiratory control remain latent until they reach old age. Newborn rats were either subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS; 3 h/day; postnatal days 3-12) or remained undisturbed (CTRL). Females were then raised under standard conditions until they reached adulthood (12-17 weeks), middle-age (35-40 weeks) or old age (60-65 weeks). Respiratory activity was measured with whole body plethysmography. Body weight and composition was assessed with nuclear magnetic resonance. NMS augmented the apnoea index; however, this effect was detected only in old females. Body mass index and the percentage of body fat increased progressively; these changes were enhanced by NMS and most notable in old females. We conclude that NMS compromises the ageing trajectory of female rats and leads to the development of a phenotype that shares many features reported in SA patients, including respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Prior life experiences may be an important risk factor in the development of SA in ageing women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".