Phytochemical and biological profiling of <i>Abies nordmanniana</i> (Stev.) Spach essential oil from Georgia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several species belonging to the Pinaceae family have historically been employed in traditional folk remedies for managing various health conditions such as colds, stomach discomfort, digestive issues, and ailments affecting the vascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems. These plants are recognized for exhibiting a wide range of biological activities, including insect juvenile hormone-like effects, along with antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antitussive, and central nervous system-related properties. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach needles collected from Georgia’s Kartli floristic region in 2024. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of over 100 compounds in the essential oil (EO) extracted from the needles, with pinenes identified as the major constituents. The EO demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 0.113 ± 0.008 v/v; NO inhibition: 100%) and marked antioxidant capacity, as indicated by both the ORAC assay (7 ± 2 μmol TE/mL) and in vitro testing on WS-1 cells (>0.125 v/v), while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity toward both normal and cancerous cells. Antibacterial efficacy was relatively weak, with IC90 values of 169 ± 4 μg/mL for Escherichia coli and 163 ± 36 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus. No antifungal effect was observed against Candida albicans, with IC90 exceeding 200 μg/mL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".