Phytochemical and biological profiling of <i>Abies nordmanniana</i> (Stev.) Spach essential oil from Georgia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several species belonging to the Pinaceae family have historically been employed in traditional folk remedies for managing various health conditions such as colds, stomach discomfort, digestive issues, and ailments affecting the vascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems. These plants are recognized for exhibiting a wide range of biological activities, including insect juvenile hormone-like effects, along with antitumor, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antitussive, and central nervous system-related properties. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of Abies nordmanniana (Stev.) Spach needles collected from Georgia’s Kartli floristic region in 2024. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of over 100 compounds in the essential oil (EO) extracted from the needles, with pinenes identified as the major constituents. The EO demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 = 0.113 ± 0.008 v/v; NO inhibition: 100%) and marked antioxidant capacity, as indicated by both the ORAC assay (7 ± 2 μmol TE/mL) and in vitro testing on WS-1 cells (>0.125 v/v), while exhibiting minimal cytotoxicity toward both normal and cancerous cells. Antibacterial efficacy was relatively weak, with IC90 values of 169 ± 4 μg/mL for Escherichia coli and 163 ± 36 μg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus. No antifungal effect was observed against Candida albicans, with IC90 exceeding 200 μg/mL.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".