A solid-solution approach for controllable photomechanical crystalline materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Solid solutions are a unique and elegant crystal engineering strategy to control the properties of crystalline materials, and the tunability of physicochemical properties it provides has a wide scope of applications. In this research, we bring this strategy to the realm of smart molecular crystals and explore solid solutions of organic photomechanical crystals to create flexible structures that exhibit a gradient of predetermined emissive, mechanical, and reactive properties. Specifically, we demonstrate that fluorescence, mechanical properties, and solid-state photoreactivity in a binary mixed crystal system of 9-anthraldehyde (9AA) and 9-methylanthracene (9MA) can be simultaneously and precisely tuned simply by changing the composition. The statistical distribution of the two components in the solid solution was utilized to prepare a heterodimer by a cross-reaction between the molecules of the two components. The effect of doping on the rate and the extent of the solid-state photoreaction further enables modulation of the photomechanical bending of the crystals. This study shows that the solid solution method enables access to smart adaptive crystals that can perform specific solid-state photoreactions, exhibit a photomechanical response, and support flexible organic devices that cannot be achieved through conventional chemical modification strategies. Solid solutions can provide control over the properties of crystalline materials, which can be challenging to influence. Here, the authors show that the method can be used with organic photomechanical crystals to prepare flexible structures with properties changing along a gradient.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".