Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent–Dipotassium Phosphate Aqueous Two-Phase Systems: Physicochemical Characterization, Selective Partitioning of Amino Acids and Glucose, and Functional Insight into Maillard Reaction Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide Despite the growing interest in natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) for green separation, critical aspects of their structural stability in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS), solute partitioning mechanisms, and potential as reaction media remain poorly understood. This study investigates the development and application of NADES-K 2 HPO 4 ATPS. Four NADES formulations, namely, betaine-glycerol (Bet:Gly), betaine-propylene glycol (Bet:PG), choline chloride-glycerol (ChCl:Gly), and choline chloride-propylene glycol (ChCl:PG), were synthesized and characterized using 1 H NMR and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The phase-forming ability of the NADES-K 2 HPO 4 ATPS was influenced by the hydrophobicity of the NADES; specifically, the Bet:PG formulation required the lowest K 2 HPO 4 concentration (25.1 wt %) for phase separation. In these systems, the hydrophobic NADES-rich phase preferentially partitioned hydrophobic amino acids (e.g., phenylalanine, K > 100; alanine, K ≈ 10), while glucose was enriched in the K 2 HPO 4 -rich phase ( K ≈ 0.03). DSC analysis confirmed that the NADESs retained their structural integrity within the ATPSs. The Maillard reactions were performed in Bet:PG-K 2 HPO 4 ATPSs under strongly alkaline conditions (pH 11.65 in the top phase and 11.34 in the bottom phase) at 37 °C. Results demonstrated that Bet:PG enhances the formation and stabilization of the Amadori compounds through hydrogen-bonding and restricted molecular mobility. Overall, this work demonstrates that NADESs retain their supramolecular structure within ATPSs, enabling their dual functionality as both selective extractants and microreactor media. Specifically, the confined microenvironment enhanced the accumulation and stabilization of Amadori compounds. This suggested that NADES-based ATPSs hold promise as tailored platforms for controlling the reaction pathways.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".