High altitude induces a shift from complex I to complex II in the brain mitochondria of newborn and adult mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Species living at high altitude (HA) often exhibit optimized oxygen utilization at adulthood; however, the plasticity of metabolic pathways during postnatal development remains unclear. Because mice, but not rats, are commonly found at HA, we investigated mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) in the cerebral cortex of both species across postnatal development and at adulthood at sea level (SL; Quebec, Canada) under normoxia or hypoxia (13.5% O2), and at HA (La Paz, Bolivia, 3600 m) after 50 generations of residency. At postnatal day (P)7, P14 and P21 and in adults (P60-90), fresh tissue samples were used to assess mitochondrial OCR under states of proton LEAK (OCRLEAK(N)) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) using substrates for complex I (N pathway - OCRN), complex II (S pathway - OCRS) and complexes I+II (NS pathways - OCRNS). Our results showed: (1) at HA, rats exhibit higher OCR at P7, P14 and adulthood compared with their SL counterparts, and (2) HA residency induces a shift from the N pathway to the S pathway at all ages in mice. Finally, these responses were absent in SL animals exposed to postnatal hypoxia, highlighting the importance of studying HA-living species. These findings emphasize key metabolic shifts, with implications for understanding responses to hypoxia in species showing divergent success at HA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".